埃蒙·德瓦莱拉:传记和爱尔兰政治人物

埃蒙·德瓦莱拉虽然出生在美国纽约市，但他的一生都致力于帮助爱尔兰人民。正如他曾经说过的，“如果我想知道爱尔兰人想要什么，我就看看我自己的心。”德瓦莱拉以一种深沉而持久的激情热爱着爱尔兰和爱尔兰人民。正是他帮助这个国家从英国的统治下赢得了自由，并塑造了这个国家一直延续到20世纪的历史，这可能比他们历史上的任何其他人都要多。

德瓦莱拉的母亲凯瑟琳·科尔(Catherine Coll)，通常被称为凯特(Kate)，于1879年来到美国，当时她年仅23岁。像许多其他的作为当时的爱尔兰移民，她在自己的祖国饱受贫穷甚至饥饿的折磨，她把美国视为一个可以尝试重新开始的地方。她首先在曼哈顿的一个富有的法国家庭找到了一份工作。这是她和维维恩·胡安·德·瓦莱拉相遇的地点和时间。他是一位西班牙雕塑家，来到她的雇主家里给孩子们上音乐课。1881年，这对夫妇结婚了。一年多后，凯特·科尔·德瓦莱拉(Kate Coll de Valera)住在东41街61号，生下了这对夫妇唯一的孩子。他的名字叫爱德华，一开始叫埃迪，后来这个名字的爱尔兰变体埃蒙为世人所知。维维恩·德·瓦莱拉身体一直不好，他离开了年轻的家人，来到了科罗拉多州，希望那里更健康的空气能帮助他摆脱困境。几个月后，他就去世了。如今凯特已是寡妇，她又回去工作了，把埃蒙留给另一个女人照顾，这个女人也来自利默里克郡的一个小村庄布鲁里。 Later in his life, Eamon would remember occasional visits from, as he knew her, a woman in black, which ended up being his true mother. Kate de Valera decided that Eamon would be better cared for by her family back in Ireland. Before long he found himself away from noise of Manhattan, living in Bruree in a one-room house with mud walls and a thatched roof. Living with him were his grandmother, his twenty-one-year-old uncle, Pat, and young Hannie, his fifteen-year-old aunt. Shortly after Eamon arrived, the family moved to a cottage, built by the Irish government for farm workers, but it was only a little bit larger. It was made up of two rooms, most of which were given over to kitchen space. After a year Eamon’s mother visited briefly- long enough for her to announce her new marriage to an American, Charles Wheelwright, known to Eamon as “Uncle Charley”. Kate soon returned to America. She thought it would be best that four-year-old Eamon remain in Ireland. Eamon’s childhood was typically Irish. He worked at farming with the rest of his family, went to school, played rugby, and starred as a runner. At the age of fourteen, after eight5 years of school, it was time to decide what he was going to do next. He considered returning to America.

他甚至写信给他的母亲。这只是不是。相反，他乘坐了距离他的家七英里的基督徒兄弟的学校。由于家人买不起自行车，他必须每天都要走一段距离 - 携带大量的书籍。Eamon证明了这么强大的学生，经过两年后;他读到了Blackrock学院的奖学金。那个位于都柏林附近的学校被圣鬼父亲经营。Eamon进入了大学不确定他未来的职业，但倾向于教学或祭司。他很快就会对他来说，他最大的兴趣，以及他最大的学术实力奠定了数学。在Blackrock五年后，他在完成大学学位的同时成为蒂珀莱里的学校的数学老师。 In 1904 he graduated from the Royal University in Dublin. Very tall and thin with dark hair, dark eyes, and pale skin, like his Spanish father, what struck people immediately was his seriousness. Just as he had been passionate about rugby and track as a youngster, now he was passionate about his devotion to the Catholic Church, to the study of mathematics, and the cause of freedom from British rule for Ireland. He remained a private person, seldom smiling, seldom revealing his emotions. Whether he was happy or unhappy was difficult to tell. He taught Latin, French and mathematics at various secondary schools, but also at colleges, training teachers. Finally he became faculty at St. Patrick’s College, an outstanding Irish seminary, responsible for preparing men for the priesthood. At St. Patrick’s his involvement with Catholicism became even more intense. As part of his concern for Irish independence, Eamon plunged into the study of Gaelic, the language of ancient Ireland. It was at a meeting of the Gaelic league that he met an extraordinarily beautiful young actress, Jane Flanagan, then only eighteen-years-old. Jane soon changed her name to the Gaelic Sinead Ni Fhlannagain. Soon, she and Eamon became fluent in the ancient language. They also fell in love. After a courtship of two years, they were married. It was a marriage destined to last more than sixty years and to bring the couple great personal happiness, along with six children and many grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

到1910年，德瓦莱拉夫妇结婚的那一年，爱尔兰从英国独立的斗争变得更加激烈。这种斗争并不新鲜。早在埃蒙出生之前，迈克尔·戴维特(Michael Davitt)和查尔斯·斯图尔特·帕内尔(Charles Stewart Parnell)等领袖就支持爱尔兰贫困农民的事业，因为他们无法向英国地主支付租金，被迫离开家园。随着时间的推移，许多爱尔兰领导人开始认为摆脱英国统治是唯一的答案。起初，埃蒙试图不参与政治。相反，他投身于盖尔语联盟。但随着与英格兰的局势日益紧张，他加入了爱尔兰共和兄弟会和新芬党(我们自己)，这两个组织都要求爱尔兰自由。他在爱尔兰志愿军(Irish Volunteers)中表现得更为活跃，这个组织正在武装自己，准备公开叛乱。他成为了志愿军第三营的指挥官，这支部队大约有125人。1916年4月，血腥的复活节起义在都柏林爆发。 De Valera seized the railroad station there, as well as a large bakery. They defeated British reinforcements sent to recapture those positions. But after nearly a week, the British, armed with artillery and heavily outnumbering the Irish, finally forced the exhausted rebels to surrender. As the British troops closed in on them, de Valera is said to have declared to his troops, “You have but one life to live and but one death to die. See that you do both like men.” He and his battalion were the last to give in. In the weeks that followed, the British put the leaders of the rebellion on trial. Sixteen of them were hanged. De Valera’s wife, as well as his family in America, pleaded that his life be spared. They argued that to execute a person born in America would stir up anger among the American people. At the time, Britain desperately needed American help in World War I. It was decided, therefore, not to hang de Valera. Instead, he was sentenced to life in prison. In June 1917, the British announced a general amnesty, setting free all of the Irish prisoners that they were holding. On his release from jail Eamon was greeted by the Irish people as a hero. Of all of the major leaders of the Easter Rebellion, only he had survived. He was elected president of Sinn Fein. He was elected president of the Irish Volunteers. Everywhere he went people cheered him. Now de Valera threw himself completely in the struggle for Irish independence. He set forth a strategy that, he was certain, would lead to victory. Meanwhile, British losses on the European battlefields of World War I had been climbing rapidly. In 1918, hoping to fill their badly depleted ranks with Irish soldiers, the British put into affect a program of conscription- a draft. The Irish refused to serve.

大英国宣布了爱尔兰的戒严状态。由于他们穿着的制服被称为“黑色和晒黑的士兵被送到那里，以强迫爱尔兰人在英国军队中服务。黑人和坦塔的第一个行为之一是逮捕爱尔兰抗性的领导者。甚至甚至没有试验，Eamon被扔进了英格兰的林肯监狱。近一年，他住在监狱里。然后，有一天，在一个天主教宗教仪式期间，他从服务中使用的蜡烛中保存了蜡。随着那个蜡，他对监狱帕克留下了印象，并设法将其偷给了另一个爱尔兰领导人的迈克尔·柯林斯。从那个印象柯林斯有一个钥匙，巧妙地把它归还给德兰雅的水果蛋糕伪装成礼物。1919年2月3日，De Valera看到了他的机会。使用钥匙，他从监狱里逃亡。 In Manchester, England, he hid in the house of a priest. Then, pretending to be seamen, he managed to board a ship bound for Ireland. To avoid discovery, he hid below the decks between sacks of potatoes. While the police hunted desperately for him in England and Ireland, he made his way back to America. He got a job working as a coal stoker on a merchant ship. In a free election held in Ireland, the Sinn Fein party had won a tremendous victory. It was decided to set up a dail (parliament) and to run Ireland as if British rule did not exist. Even though Eamon was not even in the country at the time, he was elected president of the assembly. Formal peace talks then followed, supposedly to bring a final settlement between Ireland and England. De Valera himself, decided not to go to these talks in London. He sent delegates. After nearly two months of talks the Irish delegates finally agreed to a treaty and signed it. When de Valera saw the document he was furious. Under its provisions, the twenty-six largely Catholic counties of southern Ireland gained certain limited freedoms from British rule, while the six largely Protestant counties at the north were to have their own separate government. In effect, Ireland was partitioned- divided into two countries: the Protestant north, now know as Ulster, and the Catholic south, now called the Irish Free State. To de Valera and his followers, there could only be one solution- one Irish nation, completely united and completely independent of British rule. The result was civil war.

1922年，残酷的战争开始了。战斗持续了将近一年。数以千计的人失去了生命。到1923年春，英国军队赢得了战争，镇压了叛乱。次年夏天，英国人逮捕了德瓦勒拉，声称他是一个煽动者，煽动人民。没有经过审判，他们又把他关进了监狱。不过，德瓦勒拉拒绝放弃。1924年从监狱释放后，他立即开始组织那些仍然梦想着爱尔兰独立的人。他再次被关进监狱。此时，他意识到，军事力量不会为爱尔兰赢得自由，而巧妙的政治可能会带来自由。 De Valera formed a new political party called the Fianna Fail (Soldiers of Destiny). As leader of the Fianna Fail he joined with the labor party to form a new government for the Irish Free State. For five years, from 1932 to 1937, he personally held the office of both president of the Cabinet and the minister for external affairs. Then in 1937, he took the new title of prime minister. By 1944, de Valera was so popular that Fianna Fail held twice as many seats in the Irish parliament as any other party. He also became the minister of education at this time. The political situation then changed. By 1948, de Valera’s party had lost its majority. It was defeated by a group of smaller, moderate parties headed by John A. Costello, who now became prime minister. The newly elected parliament soon voted to separate completely from the British Commonwealth, officially becoming “The Republic of Ireland” in April 1949. De Valera, growing old, refused to retire. While out of office he traveled to America, to Australia, to India, always speaking eloquently on behalf of Irish unification. In 1951, he became prime minister once again, only to lose to Costello in 1954.In 1957, at age seventy-four, he once again won election as the leader of his nation. His victory came in spite of serious problems in the Irish economy, and as a result, the loss of many people through emigration to the United States and other countries.

但年龄已经开始对埃蒙产生影响。尽管手术很成功，但他的视力几乎消失了，本来视力就不太好。他花了很多时间和妻子独处，听收音机或让她读书给他听。1959年，他辞去总理职务，担任总统这个主要是礼仪性职位。在任期间，81岁的他访问了美国，并在国会联席会议上发表了讲话。他说，美国人应该得到爱尔兰人民的感谢，因为他们帮助爱尔兰从英国统治下赢得了自由。但德瓦莱拉宣称，这项任务仍未完成，直到爱尔兰南北最终统一。目前还不清楚双方是否会结成联盟。德瓦勒拉一定知道这在他有生之年是不会发生的。1973年，他和妻子退休到都柏林附近的一家疗养院。 And it was there, one year later, that she died. Then, on August 29, 1975, Eamon de Valera himself followed her to the grave. For nearly a century he was the dominant figure in Irish political life. Despite economic hard times, the continuing failure to unite the partitioned Irish nation, and the bloody violence of civil strife, de Valera remained a symbol of hope to the Irish nation. To the editor of The Irish Echo, a newspaper published in the United States, Eamon de Valera ranked considerably higher than most people saw him. “He was probably the single Irishman who influenced history most in this century.” And that is no small tribute for a child born on the streets on New York into a life that appeared to offer little, if any, hope of success.

作品的引用
奥布莱恩·梅尔和康纳·克鲁斯。《爱尔兰简史》泰晤士河和哈德逊。伦敦,1972年。
MacManus马斯。爱尔兰种族的故事。兰登书屋。纽约,1990年。
www.askjeeves.com.
www.biography.com
www.infoplease.com
http://www.geocities.com/capitolhill/lobby/5598/

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