民主党人提名詹姆斯布坎南和约翰布雷肯里奇，新成立的共和党提名约翰弗里蒙特
和威廉·德雷顿，美国[或懂得知识]党提名前总统
Millard Fillmore和Andrew Donelson，以及废除派对提名Gerrit Smith和Samuel McFarland。Buchanan started his political career as a state representative in Pennsylvania, was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1821, appointed minister to Russia in 1832, and elected US Senator in 1834. He was appointed Secretary of State in 1845 by President Polk and in that capacity helped forge the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican War. He was appointed by President Polk as minister to Great Britain in 1853. As such, he, along with the American ministers to Spain and France, issued the Ostend Manifesto, which recommended the annexation of Cuba to the United States. This endeared him to southerners, who assumed Cuba would be a slave state.
他是南方民主党人多年来支持的几个北方人之一，因为他顺从奴隶主的利益，这种情况源于马丁·范布伦。布坎南的两个主要竞争对手，富兰克林·皮尔斯和斯蒂芬·道格拉斯，都因堪萨斯州的流血事件而受到政治上的玷污。布坎南是清白的，因为他在大多数争议期间都在国外。即便如此，他直到第十七轮投票才获得提名。弗里蒙特最著名的身份是探险家和战争英雄。他测量了密西西比河和密苏里河之间的土地，探索了俄勒冈小道地区，穿过马德雷山脉进入萨克拉门托山谷。作为一名陆军上尉，他回到了加利福尼亚，帮助定居者推翻了墨西哥的统治，这场革命后来被称为“熊旗革命”(Bear Flag Revolution)，是墨西哥战争的一个附属品。他被选为加州最早的两名参议员之一。新生的共和党是在辉格党的废墟上诞生的，辉格党因奴隶制问题而自燃。党的大会是一场闹剧; only northern states and a few border slave states sent delegates. Sticking to their Whig roots, they nominated a war hero, albeit a minor one. William Drayton’s runner-up for the VP slot was Abraham Lincoln. Fillmore, having been the thirteenth president following the death of Zachary Taylor, found himself representing the American party after many northern delegates left the convention over a rift caused by the slavery issue. Their objection was that the party platform was not strong enough against the spread of slavery. The party’s vice presidential nominee was a nephew of Andrew Jackson and the editor of the Washington Union. The party, also known as the Know-Nothings, was extremely antagonistic towards immigrants, Catholics and other assorted minorities. The party was born in 1850, when several covert “Native American” societies joined together, their secret password being “I know nothing.” Smith was nominated by the Abolition party in New York, which had nominated Frederick Douglass for New York secretary of state the year before under the label New York Liberty Party. The Campaign: Neither Buchanan nor Fremont campaigned themselves. Republicans declared Buchanan dead of lockjaw. Fremont, however, had a splendid campaign substitute, his beautiful wife Jessie, prompting “Oh Jessie!” campaign buttons. The Democrats tried desperately to avoid the slavery issue altogether, opting instead to pursue the conservative effort to preserve the Union. The Republicans, on the other hand, actively attacked slavery. Their campaign slogan was “Free Soil, Free Men, Freedom, Fremont”. [Shields-West, pgs 78 & 80] The self-serving efforts of Stephen Douglas did more to mold the campaign of 1856 than did any other single event.
虽然他没有故意摧毁由1850年的妥协创造的南北平衡，但他的重点追求
白宫让他做出了一些愚蠢的选择。道格拉斯垂涎于在芝加哥为新的横贯大陆的铁路修建一个铁轨头。这将使芝加哥成为美国的一个主要贸易中心，就像伊利运河建成时的纽约市一样。他知道，他的家乡州经济实力的增长将转化为他政治实力的增长。而另一方面，南方则希望将铁路枢纽设在圣路易斯，甚至是新奥尔良。为了确保南方对他的计划的支持，道格拉斯选择通过提出堪萨斯-内布拉斯加法案来赢得他们的支持，该法案将内布拉斯加领土划分为两个独立的领土，每个领土都拥有人民主权。这将等于密苏里妥协案的无效。道格拉斯利用他在南方新盟友的力量，推动堪萨斯-内布拉斯加法案在国会通过。因此，道格拉斯疏远了他的北方同僚。反奴隶制运动已经成为北方政治中一股强大的力量。 Douglas mistakenly believed popular sovereignty had become more acceptable to the general public than it actually had. In July of 1856, ‘Conscience Whigs”, northern Democrats and Free Soilers met in Jackson, Michigan, to form the Republican party for the specific purpose of opposing slavery. In the meantime, pro-slavery factions, many from across the Missouri border, held a bogus election in the newly formed Kansas Territory, adopting a pro-slavery constitution and electing a pro-slavery state government. When anti-slavery citizens learned what had happened, they organized their own elections. President Pierce, in a serious error of judgement, recognized the first government as the official one, prompting widespread bloodshed throughout the territory. This new territory, born of such dubious beginnings, became known as “Bleeding Kansas”. Pierce and Douglas, from that moment forward, would be scarred politically. Buchanan ultimately won the election in the electoral college, although he did not garner a popular majority. It was an uneasy victory, with sectionalism clearly present in the vote tallies. Normally, a period of relative calm follows a presidential election, but the political rhetoric of this campaign and the unrelenting tension between the North and the South would not allow it. On December 1, Pierce sent a bitter and highly partisan message to Congress. He pointedly blamed the continuing Kansas problems on northern propogandists and outside “agents of disorder”. He accused the Republicans of preparing the country for civil war. Many in Congress were understandably outraged, reversing the charges of sectionalism right back at Pierce. Some blamed the Kansas situation directly on the outgoing president. In all, it was an unnecessarily unmagnanimous annual message. The Buchanan Presidency: In their attempt to find a non-controversial presidential candidate, the Democrats instead found themselves with a weak president. Buchanan tried to appease both sides by appointing a mix of northern and southern politicians to his cabinet, but each side accused him of favoring the other for the important positions.
布坎南从未结过婚，所以白宫的社会职责由他的侄女哈丽特巷处理。在威尔士王子的国家访问期间，一个管弦乐队在致力于“听嘲弄鸟”的小姐的新歌中进行了首映。[星期六晚上，PG 57]在布坎南的成立后，两项重大事件发生了两项重大事件，这两个都对国家有一个可怕的影响，既不是布坎南的人。在办公室后两天，Taney最高法院传递了臭名昭着的斯科特决定，或者不决定。最高法院基本决定奴隶是财产，因此在法院制度中没有权利。法院引用了拒绝干涉涉及奴隶的第五次修正案。然而，在较大的意义上，裁决宣布密苏里州妥协违宪。布坎南支持决定。第二次事件是1857年的恐慌。虽然没有像1837年的恐慌那样严重，但它确实会导致广泛的失业率。由克里米亚战争的意外结束引起的作物出口下降，导致美国市场上的相应价格下降。 Bank failures led the way, starting with the Ohio Life Insurance & Trust Company, which was actually one of the most respected financial institutions in the country. Lack of specie on hand led to many more bank closures. Secretary of the Treasury Cobb had another $4 million in gold coins minted to increase the supply, but the effort was fruitless. [Stampp, pgs 223-4] The industrialized Northeast was hardest hit by the depression and northern manufacturers and bankers naturally blamed southern Democrats. Sectionalism continued to worsen. The Kansas controversy continued to plague the Buchanan administration. He favored the admission of Kansas as a slave state. The territorial government [the pro-slavery one recognized by Pierce] held a statehood constitutional convention in Lecompton, which anti-slavery factions refused to recognize. As a result, the pro-slavery forces won control with only about ten percent voter participation. Anti-slavery forces regained control of the territorial legislature in the next election and voted down the document. [Brinkley, pg 375] Buchanan, against clear evidence to the contrary, decided to side with the Lecompton proposal. Stephen Douglas, in another bizarre moment of political suicide, argued against the Lecompton document. The statehood constitution was ultimately submitted to the general population of Kansas, who overwhelmingly defeated the illegitimate document. However, Kansas was not admitted to the union, as a free state, until the closing days of the Buchanan administration. By then several southern states had already seceded. Buchanan had failed.
参考书目
《美国黑人的编年史》。纽约:Harper & Row出版社，1969年。
黑色，伯爵和黑色，merle。The Vital South: How Presidents Are Elected.剑桥：哈佛大学出版社，1992年出版社。
布林克利，艾伦。美国历史，一项调查，卷。1.纽约：麦格劳山，1995年。
Meltzer，米尔顿。美国自由的里程碑：共和国的基础。纽约：Cromwell，1961年。周六晚报。总统。印第安纳波利斯：柯蒂斯出版社，1980年。
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