哈里·s·杜鲁门。”哈里·s·杜鲁门是玛莎·艾伦·杨·杜鲁门和约翰·安德森·杜鲁门所生三个孩子中的老大，
1884年，在密苏里州的Lamar的家庭小框架房子里出生于密苏里州。杜鲁门没有中间名;他的父母显然给了他中间的初始S.因为两个家庭亲戚名字始于那封信。当杜鲁汉六岁时，他的家人搬到了密苏里州独立，在那里他参加了长老教会的星期天学校。在那里，他遇到了五岁的伊丽莎白弗吉尼亚（“BESS”）华莱士，他后来坠入爱河。杜鲁门并没有开始常规学校，直到他八，然后他穿着厚厚的眼镜来纠正极端的近视。他的视力不佳并没有干扰他的两个兴趣，音乐和阅读。他每天上午5点起身练习钢琴，直到他15岁，他每周两次去当地的音乐老师。他每周阅读四个或五个历史或传记，并获得了对世界最伟大的领导者的伟大军事战役的详尽知识。早期职业生涯于1901年，当时杜鲁安毕业于高中时，他的未来是不确定的。学院被他的家庭的财务状况排除，并委任西点的美国军事学院被他的视力差。 He began work as a timekeeper for the Santa Fe Railroad at $35 per month, and in his spare time he read histories and encyclopedias. He later moved to Kansas City, where he worked as a mail clerk for the Kansas City Star, then as a clerk for the National Bank of Commerce, and finally as a bookkeeper for the Union National Bank. In 1906 he was called home to help his parents run the large farm of Mrs. Truman’s widowed mother in Grandview, Missouri. For the next ten years, Truman was a successful farmer. He joined Mike Pendergast’s Kansas City Tenth Ward Democratic Club, the local Democratic Party organization, and on his father’s death in 1914 he succeeded him as road overseer. An argument soon ended the job, but Truman became the Grandview postmaster. In 1915 he invested in lead mines in Missouri, lost his money, and then turned to the oil fields of Oklahoma. Two years later, just before the United States entered World War I, he sold his share in the oil business and enlisted in the U.S. Army. He trained at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, but returned to Missouri to help recruit others. He was elected first lieutenant by the men of Missouri’s Second Field Artillery. World War I World War I began in 1914 as a local European war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. Though U.S. President Woodrow Wilson tried to remain neutral, the United States was drawn into the war in April 1917. Truman sailed for France on March 30, 1918, and as a recently promoted captain was given command of Battery D, a rowdy and unmanageable group known as the Dizzy D. Truman succeeded in taming his unit, and the Dizzy D distinguished itself in the battles of Saint-Mihiel and Argonne. In April 1919 Truman, then a major, returned home, and on June 28 he married Bess Wallace. The following November, Truman and Eddie Jacobson opened a men’s clothing store in Kansas City. With the Dizzy D veterans as customers the store did a booming business, but in 1920, farm prices fell sharply and the business failed. In the winter of 1922 the store finally closed, but Truman refused to declare bankruptcy and eventually repaid his debts. Entrance Into Politics Truman turned to the Pendergasts for help. Jim Pendergast, Mike’s son, persuaded his father to give Truman permission to enter a four-way Democratic primary for an eastern Jackson County judgeship, which was actually a job to supervise county roads and buildings. Mike refused to support Truman. In addition, one of the other candidates was supported by the Ku Klux Klan. Truman was advised to join the Klan, but he objected to its discriminatory policies against blacks, Jews, and Roman Catholics. Nonetheless, by campaigning on his war record and Missouri background, Truman won the primary and in the general election. In January 1923 he was sworn into his first public office. A year later the Trumans’ only child, Mary Margaret, was born. United States Senator After a long, hard battle, Truman soundly defeated his Republican opponent. On January 3, 1935, Truman was sworn in as the junior senator from Missouri. Truman’s common sense and knowledge of government and history impressed two of the Senate’s most influential men. One was vice president John Nance Garner, and the other was Arthur H. Vandenberg, Republican senator from Michigan. With their aid, Truman was named to two important committees, the Appropriations Committee and the Interstate Commerce Committee. Truman also joined the subcommittee on railroads, becoming vice-chairman and, later, acting chairman. Despite pressures from powerful railroad companies, including the Missouri Pacific Railroad, he recommended major regulatory changes that were embodied in the Transportation Act of 1940. 1940 Election To no one’s surprise, two Missouri Democrats challenged Truman for his Senate seat in the primary. One was Governor Lloyd Stark, whom Roosevelt supported, and the other was Maurice Milligan, whose nomination for a second term as U.S. district attorney Truman had opposed in the Senate. Truman began his primary fight with no political backing, no money, and two popular reformers as opponents.
他走遍了整个州，用简短、简单的语言讲述他的政绩。他赢得了初选，尽管他与彭德加斯特有联系，这被他的共和党对手多次提到，但他还是在11月赢得了选举。他的连任是如此出人意料，以至于当他回到参议院时，他的同事们都起立为他鼓掌。1941年，美国政府正在为1939年在欧洲爆发的第二次世界大战做准备。政府正在建造军队营地和签署国防合同。甚至在他的第二个任期开始之前，杜鲁门的选民就写信给他，抱怨国防计划中的浪费和混乱。杜鲁门参观了集中营和国防工厂，发现了可怕的条件。在新的参议院，他谴责了国防计划，要求进行调查，并被任命为调查委员会的负责人。在接下来的两年里，杜鲁门委员会就国防计划提出了详细的报告。委员会成员经常访问国防设施，以证实承包商、工程师、军队和政府人员的证词。 Truman’s success in uncovering fraud and waste led the Senate in 1942 to give the committee $100,000, an increase of $85,000 over the first year.
据估计，杜鲁门委员会为国家节省了150亿美元，而只花了40万美元。该委员会还把杜鲁门推上了国家舞台。主要民主党人越来越频繁地提到哈里·s·杜鲁门(Harry S. Truman)有可能成为1944年的副总统候选人。在1944年7月民主党全国代表大会开幕之前，人们认为罗斯福将竞选第四届总统，但他的健康问题成了党内领导人极为关心的问题，他们最困难的任务是为他指定竞选伙伴。现任副总统是亨利·a·华莱士(Henry a . Wallace)，他强烈支持利用联邦政府来监管大企业、保护少数族裔的民权并鼓励工会。华莱士的自由主义观点冒犯了民主党许多较为保守的领导人，他们鼓励罗斯福去找一个对主流选民更有吸引力的人。领先的竞争者包括最高法院法官威廉·道格拉斯(William O. Douglas)、参议员阿尔本·w·巴克利(Alben W. Barkley)、詹姆斯·f·伯恩斯(James F. Byrnes)和杜鲁门。杜鲁门在第二次投票中获得提名。经过旋风式的竞选和压倒性的胜利，杜鲁门于1945年1月20日宣誓就任副总统。随后，杜鲁门推动参议院批准了罗斯福任命亨利·华莱士为商务部长和联邦贷款管理局局长的决定，尽管受到了广泛的批评，他还是出席了汤姆·彭德格斯特的葬礼， and cast the tie-breaking Senate vote that ensured that the United States would continue delivering supplies to U.S. allies after the war was over. However, he saw very little of the president. Soon after the inauguration, Roosevelt left Washington for the month-long Yalta Conference, where the Allies discussed military strategy and political problems, including plans for governing Germany after the war. When Roosevelt returned in March, he met with Truman in two short meetings. When Roosevelt left for Warm Springs, Georgia, on March 30, Roosevelt had still not informed his vice president about the conduct of the war or the plans for peace. Thirteen days later, Truman was summoned to the White House, where Eleanor Roosevelt told him, “Harry, the president is dead.” President of the United States Wartime President Truman’s first month in office was largely devoted to briefings by Roosevelt’s aides. He asked the founding conference of the United Nations to meet in San Francisco on April 25, as had been planned before Roosevelt’s death. When victory in Europe seemed certain, he insisted on unconditional German surrender, and on May 8, 1945, his 61st birthday, he proclaimed Victory-In-Europe Day (V-E Day). Truman convinced the San Francisco conference delegation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) that the general assembly of the new world peace organization should have free discussions and should make recommendations to the Security Council. On June 26 he addressed the final conference session, and six days later he presented the United Nations Charter to the Senate for ratification.
1945年7月17日至8月2日，杜鲁门参加了在德国举行的波茨坦会议，会见了苏联总理斯大林、英国首相丘吉尔和丘吉尔的继任者艾德礼。会议讨论了如何落实雅尔塔会议各项决定。作为主席，杜鲁门提议成立外交部长理事会，以协助和平谈判、赔偿要求的解决和战争罪行的审判。他还得到了斯大林参加对日战争的承诺。在与其他盟国领导人的第一次会晤中，杜鲁门证实了他早先对丘吉尔的好感，而在他典型的直言不讳中，他称苏联为“顽固不化的人”。7月26日，杜鲁门发表《波茨坦宣言》，要求日本无条件投降，并提出和平条件。他早在十天前就知道第一颗原子弹在新墨西哥州的阿拉莫戈多成功爆炸了。军事顾问告诉杜鲁门，如果对日本使用原子弹，可以避免大约50万美国士兵的潜在损失。当日本拒绝最后通牒时，杜鲁门授权使用原子弹。1945年8月6日，东京时间上午9点15分，原子弹被投在广岛，几乎摧毁了这座城市。 The Supreme Allied Headquarters reported that 129,558 people were killed, injured, or missing and 176,987 made homeless. Stalin sent troops into Manchuria and Korea on August 8, and the following day a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. About one-third of the city was destroyed, and about 66,000 people were killed or injured. Japan sued for peace on August 14. The official Japanese surrender took place on September 2, 1945, aboard the U.S.S. Missouri anchored in Tokyo Bay. Domestic Affairs Reconversion With the war ended, Truman turned to the problem of reconverting the country to peacetime production without causing the inflation and unemployment that followed World War I. His message to the Congress of the United States on September 6, 1945, requested a permanent Fair Employment Practices Commission to aid blacks; wage, price, and rent controls to slow inflation; extended old-age benefits; public housing; a national health insurance program; and a higher minimum wage. His program was met with bitter opposition by congressional leaders who felt he wanted to move too far and too fast. Congress’s price control bill was so weak that on June 19, 1946, Truman vetoed it, saying it gave a choice “between inflation with a statute and inflation without one.” When he finally signed a bill the following month, prices had already risen 25 percent, and basic commodities had risen 35 percent. Mounting Opposition Demobilization had proceeded smoothly, but increased prices led to strikes for higher wages, particularly in basic industries. Truman had always been on the side of labor, but he would not allow strikes to paralyze the nation. He used executive orders and court injunctions to end the strikes, offending labor unions in the process. Truman was the central figure in three controversial issues concerning the military. First, he insisted on transferring control and development of nuclear energy from the military to the civilian Atomic Energy Commission and on placing authority to use the bomb solely with the president. Second, he persuaded Congress to unify the armed forces under a civilian secretary of defense. Third, Truman ordered the armed forces of the United States desegregated after Congress refused to do so. This decision, plus the military requirements of the Korean War, ended most discrimination in the U.S. Army and gave black men an opportunity for economic advancement denied them in many other areas. Truman had at first retained Roosevelt’s Cabinet, but he soon felt uncomfortable with it. By September 1946 only Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal remained.
新政的支持者尤其反对撤换商务部长亨利·华莱士(Henry A. Wallace)，尽管他曾公开批评过
杜鲁门的外交政策，包括对苏联越来越敌意的态度。1946年的国会选举随着国会运动开始，甚至民主党人也从杜鲁门的计划中离婚。通过使用民主的不满和通胀上升，肉类稀缺的问题，劳动力骚乱，共和党人队的胜利，捕获了国会的两个房子。在1947年的联盟讯息状态下，杜鲁门要求一项法律加强劳工部，建立劳动管理关系委员会，结束司法管辖区和二次罢工。相反，国会介绍了他1947年的劳动管理关系法，Taft-Hartley的行为大大削弱了劳动工会的立场。行为禁止工会工作场所;禁止某些联盟策略，如二级抵制;禁止工会促进政治运动;为联盟领导人建立了忠诚誓言;并允许法院命令停止可能影响国家健康或安全的罢工。 Truman vetoed the bill, but on June 23, 1947, the bill was passed over his veto. Instead of writing anti-inflation legislation, Congress voted a tax-cut bill giving 40 percent of the relief to those with incomes in excess of $5000. The bill became law over Truman’s veto. The president once again failed to gather support for his employment, national health, or social security measures. Foreign Policy Truman Doctrine Although the United States and the USSR had been allies against Germany during the war, this alliance began to dissolve after the end of the war, when Stalin, seeking Soviet security, began using the Soviet Army to control much of Eastern Europe. Truman opposed Stalin’s moves. Mistrust grew as both sides broke wartime agreements. Stalin failed to honor pledges to hold free elections in Eastern Europe. Truman refused to honor promises to send reparations from the defeated Germany to help rebuild the war-devastated USSR. This hostility became known as the Cold War. In 1947 British Prime Minister Attlee told Truman that a British financial crisis was forcing Great Britain to end its aid to Greece. At the time the USSR was demanding naval stations on the Bosporus from Turkey, and Greece was engaged in a civil war with Communist-dominated rebels. The president proposed what was called the Truman Doctrine, which had two objectives: to send U.S. aid to anti-Communist forces in Greece and Turkey, and to create a public consensus so Americans would be willing to fight the Cold War. Truman told Congress that “it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” Congress fulfilled his request for $250 million for Greece and $150 million for Turkey. Marshall Plan Truman’s trip to Potsdam and reports from former President Herbert Hoover (1929-1933), who headed a postwar food commission, gave him an intimate knowledge of the problems of war-torn Europe. With General George C. Marshall, who was now secretary of state, Truman drew up the European Recovery Plan for the economic rehabilitation of free Europe. This act, also known as the Marshall Plan, was designed to rebuild the European market, which would benefit U.S. trade, and to strengthen democratic governments in Western Europe. The United States wanted to counter the influence of the USSR, which it was beginning to see as its main rival. The U.S. government also believed that West Germany, the zone occupied by U.S., British, and French forces, would have to be rebuilt and integrated into a larger Europe. After careful planning, Marshall announced in June 1947 that if Europe devised a cooperative, long-term rebuilding program, the United States would provide funds.
当苏联了解到美国坚持与西欧资本主义社会的苏联合作以及开放的会计，苏联建立了自己计划在东欧整合共产主义国家。根据马歇尔计划，美国在4年内花费了超过125亿美元。柏林空运马歇尔计划和西德的惊人邮政恢复突出了苏联未能稳定德国东部占据区的经济。让苏联队封闭苏联的所有盟友抵达柏林市的所有盟友，该柏林被苏联控制的东德国包围，而是在盟军控制下。杜鲁门认识到，无障碍柏林对美国对欧洲信心至关重要。1948年6月26日，他命令一家全面的空运产品进入城市，直到1949年5月12日持续，当封锁被抬起时。以色列自白宫早期以来，杜鲁门支持1917年的英国巴尔福宣言，该宣布曾向巴勒斯坦国家祖国承诺犹太人支持。他同情纳粹德国的犹太人幸存者，1947年11月，他支持联合国计划将巴勒斯坦分成独立的犹太人和阿拉伯国家。面对持续压力来自Pro-Arab代表团，曾经担心丧失阿拉伯石油的人，Truman于1948年5月14日认识到以色列国家。1948年的总统选举当杜鲁安决定为全年奔跑时，他是面对民主党的主要分裂。 In 1948 Truman had asked for an end to Jim Crow laws, which maintained segregation in the South. He also proposed laws to punish those responsible for the hanging of blacks without trials, called lynching; laws to protect the voting rights of blacks; and a fair employment practices commission to end job discrimination. All of these angered Southern Democrats. When Northern Democrats inserted these positions into the 1948 Democratic Party platform, a group of Southerners led by Governor J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina left the party and formed the States’ Rights Democrats, or Dixiecrats. Henry Wallace and his supporters had also left to form the Progressive Party, and in addition, some influential Democrats thought victory would be possible only if the popular General Dwight D. Eisenhower could be drafted. The prospects were dim as Truman and his running mate, Senator Alben W. Barkley, set out on their campaign.
杜鲁门获得了民主党提名，并在接受讲话中，他告诉公约他将于7月重新招收大会
26让共和党人有机会开展党的平台承诺。当特别会议结束而不通过任何重要立法时，杜鲁门有他的竞选武器。他踏上了一个越野举行的巡回巡回赛，捍卫他的记录和爆炸“没有共和国第80大会”。没有人知道谁首先喊道，“给em地狱，哈利！”但这句话成为1948年的竞选口号。虽然公开和私下的成千上万的人承认，纽约总督托马斯E.杜威，杜鲁门继续竞选，在一天内制作多达16个演讲。A few hours after the polls closed on November 2, the Chicago Tribune issued an early edition with the headline DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN, but when the ballots were counted, Truman beat Dewey by more than 2 million votes.第二个阶段作为外交总统杜鲁门的首届地址提出了四项行动。第一个是对联合国的支持，第二个是马歇尔计划的延续，第三个是对共产党侵略的集体辩护，四分之一是援助不移的国家。North Atlantic Treaty Organization Truman’s third point was developed into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a regional defense alliance, created by the North Atlantic Treaty signed on April 4, 1949. NATO’s purpose was to enhance the stability, well-being, and freedom of its members by means of a system of collective security. The defense plan was greeted warmly by Western Europe, which saw Stalin tighten the USSR’s grip on the countries of Eastern Europe and threaten the rest of Europe. The Senate ratified the treaty, but only after debating it at length. Truman then placed Eisenhower in command of the defense organization. Korea At the end of World War II Korea was divided, and a Communist regime was established in North Korea and an anti-Communist one in the South. Considerable civil strife in the South and growing opposition to South Korea’s president, Syngman Rhee, persuaded the North Korean leader, Kim Il Sung, that he would be welcomed by many South Koreans as a liberator intent on reuniting the two Koreas. At the same time, Kim would also undermine ongoing opposition to his own regime in North Korea. A war began on June 25, 1950, when the North Korean army, equipped mainly by the USSR, crossed the border and invaded South Korea. The United States immediately sent supplies to Korea and quickly broadened its commitment in the conflict. On June 27 the UN Security Council, with the Soviet Union voluntarily absent, passed a resolution sponsored by the United States calling for military sanctions against North Korea. Three days later, President Truman ordered U.S. troops stationed in Japan to Korea. American forces, those of South Korea, and, ultimately, combat contingents from 15 other nations were placed under United Nations command. The action was unique because neither the UN, nor its predecessor, the League of Nations, had ever used military measures to repel an aggressor. The UN forces were commanded by the U.S. commander in chief in East Asia, General Douglas MacArthur. Although the official policy of the United States and the United Nations was to limit the war to Korea to prevent the entrance of the USSR, early sucA war began on June 25, 1950, when the North Korean army, equipped mainly by the USSR, crossed the border and invaded South Korea. The United States immediately sent supplies to cesses persuaded Truman to move troops into North Korea. As UN soldiers approached the Chinese border, however, China, after several warnings to the United States, crossed into North Korea and began driving UN forces back toward the South. In response, MacArthur publicly requested an extension of the war into Communist China itself, but now Truman abandoned the idea of reunifying Korea by force and returned to the original goal of stopping the invasion of South Korea. When MacArthur then publicly attacked this policy, Truman relieved MacArthur of his command in April 1951 and replaced him with Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway. Until July 1953 UN forces mostly engaged in a series of probing actions known as the active defense. Point Four Truman’s Point Four—aid to underdeveloped countries—stemmed from his belief “that we should make available to peace-loving peoples the benefits of our store of technical knowledge in order to help them realize their aspirations for a better life.” Congress debated Point Four for nearly 18 months before approving it on June 5, 1950. By offering technical and scientific aid to those who requested it, Point Four helped reduce famine, disease, and the economic hardships of 35 African and Asian nations by 1953. Domestic Affairs Fair Deal Although he had a Democratic Congress, Truman’s Fair Deal domestic program again met stiff opposition. Congress approved his public housing bill, expanded social security coverage, increased minimum wages and passed stronger farm price support bills, as well as flood-control, rural electrification, and public power measures. However, the legislators rejected his request to have the Taft-Hartley Act repealed, his plans for agricultural stabilization, for construction of the Saint Lawrence Seaway, and for the creation of public hydroelectric companies in the Missouri Valley and Columbia Valley. They also rejected his civil rights proposals. However, he strengthened the civil rights section of the Justice Department by executive orders, and he appointed blacks to a few high offices. Cold War at Home There was also a Cold War at home. Some of Truman’s opponents considered MacArthur’s removal to be evidence that the administration was lenient on Communism. This was despite the fact that Truman had begun investigating applicants for government jobs in 1946; that he had led the fight to aid Greece and Turkey when the British could no longer do so; and that Truman had used that issue to create new security and
中央情报局(cia)和国家安全委员会(nsc)等情报机构。然而，一些共和党人认为，杜鲁门做得还不够。1948年，美国作家兼编辑惠特克·钱伯斯(Whittaker Chambers)在众议员理查德·尼克松(Richard Nixon)和众议院非美活动委员会(House Committee on Un-American Activities)面前作证说，他在20世纪20年代和30年代曾是一名共产主义者，是一名向苏联特工传递秘密情报的信使。他指控国务院成员阿尔杰·希斯(Alger Hiss)也是一名共产主义者，还说希斯把机密文件交给钱伯斯，准备交给苏联。希斯否认了这些指控，但钱伯斯提供了一些文件的缩微胶片副本，这些文件后来被确认为属于国务院、海军和战争部门的机密文件，其中一些显然是希斯亲笔批注的。司法部进行了自己的调查，希斯被控作伪证，即宣誓后说谎。陪审团未能达成裁决，但希斯在1950年1月的第二次审判后被定罪(见希斯案)。在中国，由美国支持的蒋介石国民政府无法抵挡毛泽东领导下的共产党军队的进攻。到1949年底，政府军被压倒性地击败，蒋介石率领军队流亡台湾。胜利的毛成立了中华人民共和国。
杜鲁门的批评者指责政府未能支持蒋介石对抗共产党。1949年9月，当杜鲁门宣布苏联已经研制出原子弹时，许多人也感到震惊。1950年2月，威斯康星州参议员约瑟夫·r·麦卡锡(Joseph R. McCarthy)在西弗吉尼亚州惠灵的一次演讲中指责说，国务院有意雇佣了205名共产主义者。后来，他把这一数字减少到57个，经过调查，所有的指控都是假的。麦卡锡继续指责其他官员同情共产党。在没有任何证据的情况下，他最终失去了信誉，麦卡锡主义这个词后来指的是没有任何证据的颠覆活动的指控。这些事件和其他事件说服国会通过了1950年的《国内安全法案》，称为麦卡伦法案，推翻了杜鲁门的否决。该法案强制所有共产组织注册，允许政府在任何国家紧急情况下实习共产党员，并禁止共产党员从事任何国防工作。该法案还禁止任何“极权主义”组织的成员进入美国。尽管政府努力阻止一场可能导致该国钢铁厂关闭的罢工，但罢工日期还是定在了1952年4月9日。 Just hours before the scheduled strike, before a nationwide radio audience, Truman directed Secretary of Commerce Charles Sawyer to seize the mills to ensure their production to support the war efforts. However, on June 2, 1952, the Supreme Court of the United States in a 6 to 3 decision on Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. v. Sawyer declared the seizure unconstitutional.
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