季节性情绪失调症(SAD)是生活在美国北部地区的人们普遍面临的问题。患有这种疾病的人通常会出现抑郁、嗜睡、注意力不集中、暴饮暴食和体重增加等症状。来自北方的人更容易患这种疾病,因为白天缩短了。看来,由于缺乏阳光,一些人遭受这些症状。缩短的白天会对身体产生荷尔蒙的影响,从而导致这些症状,而使用人造阳光是缓解这种失调的最好方法。直到最近,SAD才被发现。这是彼得·穆勒发现的,他当时正在审查一名29岁女性的案件。他注意到一个规律,女人的抑郁在冬天来,在春天离开。

多年来,这个女人从一个城市搬到另一个城市。穆勒注意到,她越往北走,就越早抑郁症。米勒开始推测,缺少阳光导致了这些女性的抑郁。为了证实这一点,他把病人暴露在人造阳光下。他发现经过一段时间,病人已从抑郁中恢复过来。目前,光疗法是治疗SAD最常用的方法。褪黑素和血清素是受阳光影响的两种激素,被认为是引起SAD的原因。这两种化学物质“都受到光周期效应的影响,即地球每天的暗光周期”(Wurtman 1989)。褪黑激素是一种影响情绪和能量水平的化学物质。人体褪黑激素在夜间最高,白天最低。有一项研究是为了观察阳光是否对抑制褪黑素有直接作用。 It is known that melatonin levels in urine are five times higher at night than they are in the day. It was not until a 1980 study that it was known that melatonin levels could be directly suppressed with light. In an experiment, subjects were woken up at two in the morning and exposed to a half an hour of artificial sunlight. The findings were that melatonin levels were greatly decreased.

褪黑激素的下降通常发生在清晨,但对于SAD患者来说,这要在大约两小时后才会发生。为了抑制这种水平,病人需要暴露在阳光下。研究发现,当病人暴露在光线下时,抑郁和对碳水化合物的渴求会显著减少。目前尚不清楚SAD是否由褪黑素直接引起。我们仍然不确定SAD抑郁的直接原因是什么。我们知道为什么患有SAD的人渴望碳水化合物。5 -羟色胺是一种调节人对富含碳水化合物食物胃口的化学物质。一位患有SAD的病人被人工注射了一针名为d-芬氟拉明的血清素,“导致了应激性饮食的减少”(科学美国人,1986)。在每个人的血液中都有一种叫做色氨酸的荷尔蒙,它是血清素的衍生物。当它进入中枢神经系统,到达一组叫做中缝核的细胞时,就会转化成血清素。 The amount of trypton in the blood is increased when carbohydrates are consumed. This may explain why many people who suffer from SAD have an increase their intake of carbohydrates. In testing results it patients who suffer from SAD when given “an 800-calorie, high-carbohydrate meal (six cookies), they reported feeling vigorous and energized” (Health 1989). A large consumption of carbohydrates is one of the symptoms of SAD. In a number of cases, it has been noted that in the fall a person suffering from SAD will increase their intake of carbohydrates and decrease in the summer. It is also found, that those who crave carbohydrates tend to consume most of them in the late afternoon or early evening. A carbohydrate craver is found to eat 1,940 calories at a mealtime. The average for an adult female is 1,500 to 2,00 calories, an adult male from 2,200 to 2,700 calories. It is in the early evening that the craver consumes “an additional 800 or more calories person per day” (Wurtman 1989). The increase of carbohydrates leads to an increase in the levels of serotonin that relieves the symptoms of SAD. The evidence all seems to push towards lack of daylight as the reason for SAD. Little不过,已经有关于温度和气压对心理健康影响的研究。

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这些因素在一年的不同时期会发生变化。亚伯拉罕·林肯一生中曾两次患上严重的抑郁症。它们都发生在“当时有记录的两次最大的气压变化期间”(Davis 1994)。SAD症状有可能是由日光以外的其他季节变化引起的。显然,对SAD患者最好的治疗是光疗法。虽然我们还不确定SAD的原因,但我们知道光疗法抑制了症状。人体需要暴露在日光下,而我们的日常生活可能会阻碍我们的暴露。例如,大多数人在办公室或其他类型的建筑内工作。这大大减少了我们暴露在日光下的时间。在圣地亚哥,人们发现雄性平均每天在阳光下待75分钟,雌性平均每天在阳光下待20分钟。 The human body needs more exposure to the light to regulate the secretion of serotonin and melatonin. There is still much testing that needs to be done on SAD. We still are not sure of the cause but we do have a solution. The best way to help suppress SAD is by artificial sun lamps, but these lamps are expensive. Many of the bulbs that are used cost over one-hundred dollars. Carbohydrates are an alternate way to suppress the symptoms, but the side effect is weight gain. It has been proven in studies, which those who crave carbohydrates also put on significant weight which is lost in the spring. Exposure to daylight will suppress the symptoms without any side effects. The best method to regulate the hormonal balance is by regular exposure to daylight.

引用这篇文章如下:威廉·安德森(学校工作助手编辑团队),“季节性情感障碍:原因,症状,治疗,”在SchoolWorkHelper, 2019,//www.chadjarvis.com/seasonal-affective-disorder-causes-symptoms-treatments/

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