印第安人是新法国历史的主要焦点,并影响了1663年以前的欧洲人。与欧洲人相比,人数众多的印第安人经常与他们接触。印第安人和欧洲人相互交换物品,这导致了各种事件和行动,对新法国的历史做出了巨大的贡献。在印第安人定居之后到达的欧洲人接触到了当地人的生活方式,并从中获得了生存技术。后来,欧洲人依靠印第安人,其中一些人充当中间人,他们拥有对欧洲人有价值的物品。欧洲人,尤其是耶稣会士,也观察和崇拜各种各样的印度人。土著印第安人是最早进入北美的人之一。

他们通过白令海峡进入美国,白令海峡位于阿拉斯加和西伯利亚的中点。随着时间的通过了,他们在各种土地上安顿下来,猎杀,捕捞和成长。阿尔弗雷德·贝利提到,“有人建议是苏兽,贫瘠的人和阿尔诺克斯是第一个进入美国的。”1在欧洲人到达之前,有很多已经解决的本地部落。当欧洲人抵达北美时,他们发现当地人占据大量土地.2印度人帮助开始启动新法国的历史。由于当地人在北美早到来,他们的人口开始相当迅速增加。随着迁移和出生率的结合,印度人将他们的人口膨胀到大尺寸。“在1663年,仍然只有3000名欧洲人居住在新法国,没有更多的人,而不是构成了一个小的贫瘠部落。3在1663年之前,印度人在大多数人中。周围新法国地区有两个主要的本土群体讲述了两个主要的本土群体不同的语言。这些群体是阿尔诺奎安和贫瘠的人。阿尔诺克斯主要参与交易和捕鱼。这些人仍然被称为乐队,其中包括父母,儿童,祖父母,阿姨,叔叔和表兄弟等亲属。 Algonquians primarily hunted, and so would develop groups to hunt in different areas. They travelled around frequently and would take everything they needed while on their hunting journey. In the winter, they used snowshoes; in the Summer, they used the canoe. The Algonquians were always moving from one location to another; because of their hunting they never stayed in one location for a long period of time. The Iroquoians were mainly occupied with agriculture. This group established themselves near land which could be farmed upon. They remained in this area until the land was exhausted and nothing more could be cultivated upon it. After the land was worthless it was abandoned and another piece of land was selected upon which to plant at another location. Their villages were known as Longhouses. These Longhouses were quite large and supported more than five families in them. The men were mainly the people who constructed the Longhouse. While the men were busy during the summer, hunting, trading, or engaging in war, the women would care for the crops. The Iroquoians helped contribute to agriculture by being one of the first to grow crops. While trading with the Europeans, the Indians were faced with many instances that were devastating and other cases which helped them profit. Trade in New France was so prominent that France decided to create a monopoly to bring the trade under control. Two provisions had to be met: Firstly, the private fur trading company had to promote colonization. Secondly, it had to send Roman Catholic missionaries to Christianize the Indians.4 On the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Tadoussac, became the chief trading centre for the Europeans. The trade route surrounding Tadoussac contained connections from Hudson Bay to New England. Some negative aspects of the fur trade were that: The Fur Trade at first enriched traditional Indian life, but later increasing competition for pelts generated conflicts that led to the dispersal of many Indian groups. Indian wars grew out of long standing rivalries or developed as a result of Indian disputes over furs.5 An outcome of trading with the Europeans that devastated the Indians, was the epidemics which the Europeans presented. These epidemics destroyed a large percentage of the Indian population, which they did not deserve and which were calamitous to the population. Certain groups, such as the Hurons, abandoned agriculture and focused on trading. This reveals that trading had an enormous impact on Indians and their heritage. The Indians were still in control of exchanging furs, since Indians controlled the supply of beaver pelt sought by the Dutch and French traders, who waited at ports on Hudson Bay or St. Lawrence River for Indians to bring them in.6

一些贸易关系持续了很长时间,而其他的附属关系根本没有持续很长时间。发生的贸易关系包括:法国和休伦人之间的贸易一直持续到1649年,荷兰人和易洛魁人之间的贸易持续到1664年,法国人和渥太华人之间的贸易是在1650年之后,英国人和易洛魁人之间的贸易是在16664年之后。不管发生了什么不幸,贸易对印度人和欧洲人都有好处。在皮毛贸易中,一些印第安人扮演了中间人的角色,帮助贸易流动。这些中间人把自己定位好,这样他们就能覆盖大量交易的区域。休伦人是中间人,主要与阿尔冈琴人和法国人进行贸易。休伦人交换皮毛,用独木舟运输本地和欧洲的货物。中间人对欧洲人产生了一定的影响,因为在Huronia沦陷之后,Coureurs de Bois接管了中间人的角色。这些布瓦人留下来和阿尔冈琴人一起生活他们帮助他们有效地履行自己的职责。 Algonquians at some point also played the role of middlemen while they were exchanging goods with the Dutch. The middlemen were helpful in controlling the trading that developed in New France, and the Indians effectively carried out their roles competently. During the fur trade many items were traded between the Indians and the Europeans. The main item of trade that the Europeans desired from the Indians was fur. Conversely, the main article sought by the Indians from the Europeans were metal goods. In 1534, the fur trade industry became the most popular and dominant industry in New France. For the Europeans, the most popular method to accumulate furs was to trade with the Indians. In return for furs, Indians acquired European tools which made their work easier and more productive. These tools also lasted longer and could be transported easily because of their light weight. The particular items traded that were of use to the Indians were as follows: iron axes, hatchets, which were useful outdoors and for construction; cooking pots, steel knives, and needles helped the Indian women who cooked and sew. Another item which had a large impact was the kettle: “The Kettle was the most revolutionary article which came within the sphere of the women.”8 Foodstuffs and clothing were also acquired from the Europeans. Among the clothing were summer capes which the Europeans wore, and for the winter, blankets for beds were traded for furs.9 Other articles which were traded but did not have a positive impact on the Indians were liquor and tobacco. In 1640 Dutch traders sold guns to Mohawks, and private traders sold guns to the Iroquois for furs.10 These items were particularly useful when in combat against the enemy, and they were more powerful than any other weapons the Indians were accustomed to. Items that were traded, especially metal goods, helped the Indians with their way of life and made their tasks more easy. Christianization of the Indians was a laborious task, but the effort of the Jesuits led to some successful outcomes. Champlain had considered that the task of converting Indians was of equal importance as gathering wealth in the Fur Trade or extending French influence in North America.11 The first missionaries who attempted to convert the Indians were the Recollets. They tried to make the Indians adapt to the European lifestyles with great effort, but were quite unsuccessful. A reason for their difficulty in converting the Indians was that there was a language barrier which separated the two. To overcome this barrier, the Jesuits who followed, had to learn the native tongue.

读:
加拿大广告准则:历史、社会、批评

印第安人和耶稣会士在宗教信仰上的相似之处有助于印第安人的皈依,因为这些信仰帮助印第安人理解传教士的布道,印第安人也受到他们演讲的影响。耶稣会士在皈依基督教的过程中与印第安人一起生活,他们需要适应印第安人的生活方式,并看到印第安人的许多品质,其中一些品质受到牧师的赞赏和发现。在与传教士的冲突中,一些土著团体非常害怕耶稣会士。原因是受洗的人都生病了,很快就死了。这种观点使他们相信,耶稣会士与他们所害怕的一切不幸和邪恶联系在一起。尽管如此,耶稣会士对印第安人基督教化的不懈努力仍然是一个重要的姿态,它明显地影响了印第安人和他们的生活方式。印度人拥有帮助他们生存的优越品质,欧洲人发现这些品质非常吸引人。印第安人对可利用的资源有很好的经验,这有助于他们适应这个国家。一个清晰的特点是,他们“高度重视礼貌和良好的礼貌在处理彼此。印度人尽量不强迫别人做事,因为“强迫别人做违背他意愿的事是不道德的。””13 If there was plenty of food, sharing was encouraged: “Indians considered it wrong to let someone starve while others had more than they needed.”14 Therefore the Indians maintained equality among all individuals and tried to conform with other fellow human beings. On the topic of diseases, A.G. Bailey states, “The early travelers found that certain ailments which were current among Europeans at the time were absent from the native society. The diseases suffered by the Indians were quite few in number.”15 This demonstrates that the Indians were healthy and adapted well to their environment. The Indians could survive the ruthless climate surrounding them, and even developed snowshoes to help them endure the terrain when it was covered with snow. R.J. Surtees claims that, “In virtually all instances, the Indians greeted newcomers with friendship, guidance and assistance.”16 That is a good example of their unselfish and invitingly friendly attitude to other humans, even if they were of a different creed. In agriculture, “These natives, even though they seemed so primitive, had mastered agriculture in corn, melon, squash, and beans. They had achieved hunting skills with crude weapons and appeared robust enough.”17 Even though they did not have very good tools, they still made the most of whatever they had and used it to their full advantage. The natives possessed qualities and traits which are essential for survival in demanding conditions and for developing strong relationships. While trading with the Europeans, the Indians became almost possessed by the European goods they desired. “With the decline in food resources in the country, the Eastern Algonquians lost a measure of self-reliance and became increasingly dependent upon Europeans for their supplies.”18 Since the Europeans had superior metal items, the craving of the Indians would force them to go to the Europeans to acquire them: “Indians didn’t have copper, iron, hemp, wood or manufactured articles and resorted to the French for them.”19 The European goods helped the Indians out by making their tasks easier to cope with so that “They grew dependent on goods and allied with whites, who could provide for them.”20 This explains how the Indians lost some of their heritage by relying too heavily on the European goods. The Europeans greatly depended on the Indians as the Indians contributed to the Europeans survival in a land which was new to them. R.J. Surtees claims that “Iroquois people probably saved Cartier’s party from complete extinction during the winter of 1535 and 1536, by teaching the Frenchmen a cure for scurvy.”21

读:
碳:历史,用途,发生

印第安人是唯一的其他人类和新法国最热情,是唯一可以帮助困惑的法国人的人:“印第安人是唯一可以展示新人如何生活在苛刻的气候中,以觅食对于食物,桨和建一个独木舟,在雪鞋上旅行并建造避难所。“22在农业中,印第安人将欧洲人推出了土豆,玉米,花生,南瓜,辣椒,西红柿和豆类等植物,因为印度人欧洲人们如此危及的毛皮,“法国和荷兰交易商都试图以旨在的方式,这使得印第安人并鼓励印第安人贸易的方式行为”这一说法“明确表现出印度人是交易的主要动机,以及没有他们,在新法国将没有任何贸易。由于印度人在狩猎方面优越,印第安人的法国人需要帮助,他们确实帮助了他们。“法国人依赖于本土食品供应,特别是游戏,追求他们是新手。”根据一些历史学家的追求,如1643年,魁北克几乎完全依赖印第安人狩猎肉类供应。阿尔诺奎斯教导了法国人如何种植玉米,豆类,南瓜和壁球。从印第安人来看,他们学会了如何制作枫糖并聚集野生浆果。Algonquians还培训了第一个法国人如何在内部幸存下来.26本地人在农业和生存中独立,但仍然有助于他们的一些技能。“印第安人教授欧洲人如何打猎,旅行,农场和本发明的新环境。“27年在1663年之前,印第安人显然影响了欧洲人和新法国的历史。 With fur as their main trading item, they obtained European goods which they desired that helped make their everyday lives easier. Using techniques of survival in the outdoors, they clearly set a trend for the Europeans to follow, so that they could reside in this unpredictable country. The Europeans, soon after discovering the natives, depended on them as their source of various techniques which were mandatory for survival, such as hunting for food. The Indians were the primary, contributing factor to the history of New France and without their influence, Europeans could not have progressed to where they are at this point in Canada.

尾注

1.阿尔弗雷德G. Bailey,欧洲和东部阿尔科尼亚文化冲突(多伦多大学,1969年),P.2。2. Bruce G.触发器。印度人和新法国的英雄年龄(加拿大历史评论 - 小册子30,1978),第4页。3.布鲁斯G.触发器。当地人和新人(McGill-Queens大学出版社,1985年),第17页。4. R.D. Francis,Richard Jones,Donald B. Smith,起源:加拿大历史与加拿大的Holt,Rinehart和Winston,Limited,1988),P.41。5. R.J.Surtees,原来的人(加拿大的Holt,Rinehart和Winston,Limited,1971),P.22。6.同上。,p.19。7.同上。,第20页。 8. Bailey, The Conflict of European and Eastern Algonkian Cultures, p.24. 9. Ibid., p.12. 10. Trigger, The Indians and the Heroic Age Of New France, p.18. 11. Surtees, The Original People, p.34. 12. Trigger, The Indians and the Heroic Age of New France, p.6. 13. Ibid., p.6. 14. Ibid., p.6. 15. Bailey, Conflict of European and Eastern Algonkian Cultures, p.27. 16. Surtees, The Original People, ix. 17. Ibid., p.1. 18. Bailey, Conflict of European and Eastern Algonkian Cultures, p.56. 19. Ibid., p.11. 20. Surtees, The Original People, p.21. 21. Ibid., ix. 22. Ibid., p.19. 23. Ibid., p.19. 24. Trigger, Indians and the Heroic Age of New France, p.22. 25. Bailey, Conflict of Europeans and Eastern Algonkian Cultures, p.117. 26. Francis, Jones, Smith, Origins : Canadian History To Confederation, p.47. 27. Surtees, The Original People, p.ix. Bibliography Bailey, A.G. The Conflict of European and Eastern Algonkian Cultures. Toronto. 1969. Francis, R.D., Jones Richard, Smith D.B. Origins : Canadian History To Confederation. Toronto. 1988. Francis, R.D., Jones Richard, Smith D.B. Readings In Canadian History : Pre-Confederation. Toronto. 1990. Morton, D. New France and War. Toronto. 1983. Skeoch, E. Album of New France. Toronto. 1986. Surtees, R.J. The Original People. Toronto. 1971. Trigger, B.G. Natives and Newcomers. Montreal.1985. Trigger, B.G. The Indians and The Heroic Age of New France. Ottawa. 1978.

引用这篇文章如下:William Anderson (Schoolworkhelper编辑团队),“Native Americans: History & Tribes”,inSchoolWorkHelper,2019年,//www.chadjarvis.com/native-americans-history-tribes/

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