维生素是人体代谢、保护健康和儿童正常生长所需的少量有机化合物。维生素还有助于荷尔蒙、血细胞、神经系统的化学物质和遗传物质的形成。各种维生素在化学上没有关联,大多数在生理上的作用是不同的。它们通常充当催化剂,与蛋白质结合产生代谢活性酶,进而在全身产生数百种重要的化学反应。没有维生素,许多这些反应会减缓或停止。然而,维生素对人体作用的复杂方式仍远未明了。根据它们在脂肪或水中的吸收能力,这13种被很好识别的维生素被分类了。脂溶性维生素A、D、E和K通常与含脂食物一起食用,因为它们可以储存在体内的脂肪中,所以不必每天食用。

水溶性维生素,八种B族维生素和C族维生素不能储存,必须经常食用,最好每天食用。的身体只能制造维生素D,所有其他人必须源自饮食。缺乏它们导致各种代谢和其他功能障碍。21“美国以来,自1940年以来,国家研究委员会的食品和营养委员会已发表了建议的维生素,矿物质和其他营养素的饮食津贴”。这些建议表达了千兆​​或国际成人和儿童的国际单位,这些建议是不仅适用于营养的专业人士(PG 18)的有用指导方针,而且还为越来越多的家庭和依赖于准备食品的家庭和个人而努力现在需要携带营养标记。均衡的饮食含有所有必要的维生素,大多数遵循这种饮食的人都可以纠正任何以前的维生素缺陷。然而,在患有预防营养素的肠道疾病的特殊饮食中的人员可能需要特定的维生素补充剂来患有营养素的肠道疾病,或者怀孕或哺乳期患有特殊的维生素补充剂。除了这种真正的需求之外,维生素补充剂还常常认为对许多疾病的治疗提供治疗,从患有癌症到患有疾病;但实际上,身体很快消除了大部分制剂而不吸收它们。此外,脂溶性维生素可以阻断其他维生素的效果,甚至在过量服用时引起严重的中毒。 Vitamin A is a pale yellow primary alcohol derived from carotene. It affects the formation and maintenance of skin, mucous membranes, bones, and teeth, vision, and reproduction.

早期缺乏症状是夜盲症,这是对黑暗调整的困难。其他症状是皮肤干燥过度,缺乏粘膜分泌,导致细菌侵袭的易感性,眼睛的干燥由于泪腺发生故障,发展中国家儿童失明的主要原因。身体以两种方式获得维生素A.一个是通过从胡萝卜素中制造它,在这种蔬菜中发现的维生素前体,如胡萝卜,西兰花,南瓜,菠菜,羽衣甘蓝和甘薯。另一个是通过吸收食用植物生物的现成维生素A.在动物形式中,维生素A在牛奶,黄油,奶酪,蛋黄,肝脏和鱼肝油中发现。虽然据信三分之一的美国儿童消耗少于维生素A的推荐津贴,但可以在通常平衡的饮食中而不是通过补充剂来获得足够的量。过量的维生素A可以干扰生长,停止月经,损伤红血球菌,并导致皮疹,头痛,恶心和黄疸。也称为维生素B复合物,这些是脆弱的水溶性物质,其中几种对碳水化合物代谢尤为重要。硫胺素或维生素B1,无色,结晶物质,作为碳水化合物代谢的催化剂,使丙酮酸被吸收和碳水化合物以释放它们的能量。 Thiamine also plays a role in the synthesis of nerve-regulating substances. Deficiency in thiamine causes beriberi, which is characterized by muscular weakness, swelling of the heart, and leg cramps and may, in severe cases, lead to heart failure and death. Many foods contain thiamine, but few supply it in concentrated amounts. Foods richest in thiamine are pork, organ meats such as liver, heart, and kidney, brewer’s yeast, lean meats, eggs, leafy green vegetables, whole or enriched cereals, wheat germ, berries, nuts, and legumes. Milling of cereal removes those portions of the grain richest in thiamine; consequently, white flour and polished white rice may be lacking in the vitamin. Widespread enrichment of flour and cereal products has largely eliminated the risk of thiamine deficiency, although it still occurs today in nutritionally deficient alcoholics.

读:
加拿大人的营养建议

核黄素或维生素B2,如硫胺素,用作辅酶,一种必须与另一种酶的一部分结合,以有效,在碳水化合物,脂肪和尤其是呼吸蛋白质的代谢中。它还用于维持粘膜。核黄素缺乏可能对其他B族维生素的缺乏复杂化;它的症状并不像缺乏硫胺素那样的症状,是皮肤病变,尤其是鼻子和嘴唇,以及对光的敏感性。核黄素的最佳来源是肝,牛奶,肉,深绿色蔬菜,全谷物和富含谷物,面食,面包和蘑菇。烟酸或维生素B3,也可以作为营养素释放能量的辅酶。烟酸的缺乏导致沉淀物,其前一种症状是一种晒伤的喷发,突然破坏皮肤暴露在阳光下。后来的症状是一种红色和肿胀的舌头,腹泻,心理困惑,烦躁,并且当中枢神经系统受到影响,抑郁和心理紊乱。最佳烟酸来源是肝脏,家禽,肉,罐头金枪鱼和三文鱼,全谷物和富含谷物,干豆和豌豆和螺母。身体还从氨基酸色氨酸中产生烟酸。 Megadoses of niacin have been used experimentally in the treatment of schizophrenia, although no experimental proof has been produced to show its efficacy. In large amounts it reduces levels of cholesterol in the blood, and it has been used extensively in preventing and treating arteriosclerosis. Large doses over long periods cause liver damage. Pyridoxine, or vitamin B6, is necessary for the absorption and metabolism of amino acids. It also plays roles in the use of fats in the body and in the formation of red blood cells. Pyridoxine deficiency is characterized by skin disorders, cracks at the mouth corners, smooth tongue, convulsions, dizziness, nausea, anemia, and kidney stones. The best sources of pyridoxine are whole (but not enriched) grains, cereals, bread, liver, avocados, spinach, green beans, and bananas. Pyridoxine is needed in proportion to the amount of protein that is consumed. Cobalamin, or vitamin B12, one of the most recently isolated vitamins, is necessary in minute amounts for the formation of nucleoproteins, proteins, and red blood cells, and for the functioning of the nervous system. Cobalamin deficiency is often due to the inability of the stomach to produce glycoprotein, which aids in the absorption of this vitamin. Pernicious anemia results, with its characteristic symptoms of ineffective production of red blood cells, faulty myelin (nerve sheath) synthesis, and loss of epithelium the membrane lining of the intestinal tract.

钴胺素只能从动物来源获得,如肝脏、肾脏、肉、鱼、蛋和牛奶。建议素食者服用维生素B12补充剂。叶酸或叶酸酸是形成体内蛋白质和血红蛋白所需的一种辅酶;它在人体中的缺陷是罕见的。叶酸对治疗某些贫血和腹泻有效。饮食来源有器官肉,绿叶蔬菜,豆类,坚果,全谷物和啤酒酵母。在室温下储存的食物和烹饪过程中,叶酸会流失。与其他水溶性维生素不同,叶酸储存在肝脏中,不需要每天摄入。泛酸,另一种B族维生素,在蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪的代谢中起着尚未明确的作用。它在许多食物中含量丰富,也由肠道细菌制造。 Biotin, a B vitamin that is also synthesized by intestinal bacteria and widespread in foods, plays a role in the formation of fatty acids and the release of energy from carbohydrates. Its deficiency in humans is unknown. This well-known vitamin is important in the formation and maintenance of collagen, the protein that supports many body structures and plays a major role in the formation of bones and teeth. It also enhances the absorption of iron from foods of vegetable origin. Scurvy is the classic manifestation of severe ascorbic acid deficiency. Its symptoms are due to loss of the cementing action of collagen and include hemorrhages, loosening of teeth, and cellular changes in the long bones of children. Assertions that massive doses of ascorbic acid prevent colds and influenza have not been borne out by carefully controlled experiments.

读:
康复服务:惩教设施及成效

然而,在其他实验中,已显示抗坏血酸以防止形成亚硝胺,这些亚硝胺是发现在实验动物中产生肿瘤的化合物,也可能在人类中。虽然未使用的抗坏血酸在尿液中迅速排出,但大而延长的剂量会导致膀胱和肾结石的形成,干扰血薄药物,破坏B12的影响,以及来自骨骼的钙的损失。维生素C的来源包括柑橘类水果,新鲜草莓,哈密瓜,菠萝和番石榴。良好的蔬菜来源是西兰花,布鲁塞尔豆芽,西红柿,菠菜,羽衣甘蓝,青椒,白菜和萝卜。这种维生素对于正常骨形成是必要的,并且保留体内钙和磷。它还通过更有效地使用钙和磷来保护牙齿和骨骼对低钙摄入的影响。也称为阳光维生素,维生素D是从蛋黄,肝脏,金枪鱼和维生素-D加固牛奶中获得的。当甾醇通常在许多食物中发现的甾醇迁移到皮肤并被照射时也是在体内制造的。发生维生素D缺乏症,或佝偻病发生

引用这篇文章如下:威廉·安德森(学校工作助手编辑团队),“维生素和营养补充剂:历史,使用,有效性”SchoolWorkHelper, 2019,//www.chadjarvis.com/vitamins-nutrient-supplements-history-use-effectiveness/

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