神经性厌食:极度害怕体重增加或变得肥胖,以及身体畸形的一种状态想象一下,由于限制食物摄入和过度运动而导致的过度减肥。

暴食症:暴饮暴食症一种饮食失调症,长期过度关注体重和体型,导致反复暴饮暴食(在短时间内摄入大量食物),并诱发呕吐。

这些是饮食失调的临床定义,大多数人听到这两个名字之一时想到的定义。不幸的是,这只是他们的想法。几乎没有人想过是什么导致了这些疾病,如何治疗这些疾病,或者,最重要的是,有了这些疾病是什么感觉。

饮食失调是当今社会年轻人的一个主要问题。虽然厌食症和暴食症是困扰世界青年的社会逻辑问题,但还有其他饮食失调。这种“肥胖恐惧症”,或者是对超重的恐惧,会让人们感到不安,甚至到了自杀的地步。饮食失调被称为20世纪80年代的疾病。尽管95%的厌食症或贪食症患者是女性,大多来自相对富裕的白人家庭,但对食物的关注和痴迷并不仅限于女性。虽然有些男性也患有饮食失调,但大多数研究都是针对女性的。1985年,95%的妇女认为自己超重,而实际上只有25%被认为在医学上超重。到13岁的时候,大约53%的女性对自己的身体不满意,到18岁的时候,大约78%的女性不满意。我们的文化可以被视为一个自恋的社会。自恋是一种对自我的关注,关心自己在别人眼中的形象,以及对自己形象的追求。 It seems that appearance is an important factor in our everyday life. While all women want to look as perfect as “Barbie”, for some it just isn’t possible. For women, being slender is almost synonymous with being successful. It is also thought that 40% of the adult U.S. population is significantly overweight. Some experts feel that eating disorders are reaching epidemic proportions and estimate the national rate to be as high as 12% of women. In fact, according to the Phoenix Gazette on November 7, 1985, “Almost one out of three women diet once a month, and one in six considers herself a perpetual dieter”. It is considered that 54-86% of college women binge eats. They do this and still research shows that most college aged women: 1) widely accept the idea that “guys就像瘦女孩一样,2)认为瘦是身体吸引力的关键,3)认为自己没有男人希望的那么瘦。事实上,大多数女大学生都希望自己比男大学生要求的要瘦。仅在美国,我们的社会就花费330亿美元在减肥产业上,200亿美元在化妆品上,3000亿美元在整容手术上。这正好证明了美国人对自己的外表有恋物癖。不幸的是,瘦在我们的社会中扮演着一个角色。事实是,有吸引力的被告似乎得到了更积极的法庭判决,公司更有可能雇佣高瘦男子,而不是矮胖男子。这些因素增加了整个社会饮食失调的几率。当今年轻人最常见的饮食失调是神经性厌食症。

厌食症通常被定义为:故意饥饿-故意和强迫饥饿,以追求苗条。这种“故意饥饿”被认为是减肥的唯一途径。厌食症患者会向你展示他们身体上需要减肥的地方。据估计,10- 20%的厌食症患者最终会死于与疾病相关的并发症。厌食症的症状和体征有:明显的体重下降,变得孤僻,过度运动,疲劳,总是感冒,肌肉无力,借口不吃,吃内疚和羞愧,情绪波动,月经不调,和证据的呕吐,滥用泻药,或者减肥药,经常检查体重的规模。一些理论家认为,这些障碍可能是由大众媒体对理想身体的呈现造成的。但根据ABNFV或维多利亚神经性厌食症和贪食症基金会的说法,指责大众媒体对“理想”形状的呈现是过于简单化了;虽然西方社会越来越重视苗条,但健康的身体给很多人带来了压力。因此,目前还没有确切的证据表明是什么导致了厌食症。

读:
饮食失调:神经性厌食症

贪食症包括暴饮暴食同时诱导呕吐以抑制体重增加。美国女性的平均水平在19岁到39岁之间,他们会周期性地暴饮暴食,在短时间内吃大量高热量的食物。暴饮暴食因人而异,对一个人来说,暴饮暴食的热量从1000卡路里到10000卡路里不等,对另一个人来说,一块饼干可以被认为是暴饮暴食。贪食症患者通常是那些对自己的价值没有安全感的人,通常会努力争取他人的认可。食物成为暴食症唯一的安慰来源,并且通常起到阻断或释放情感的作用。与厌食症患者不同,贪食症患者确实意识到他们有问题,更有可能寻求帮助。暴食症患者寻求帮助的可能性降低了死于这种疾病的人的百分比。

我们社会经历的第三种饮食失调是躯体变形障碍.这被定义为“想象中的丑陋”,或者一个人无论如何都认为自己很丑。这种疾病比厌食症或贪食症更难识别。这种疾病的线索很轻微,通常也很微妙,但它们表明了对身体的疏远和扭曲的自我形象,这反映了潜在的精神疾病。有些人认为这是一种新的疾病,因为他们对它的了解并不多,但事实是,1891年一位名叫Morselli的意大利医生发现了它,单词dysmorfia的词根字面意思是丑陋,所以这种疾病实际上是一个人对自己的丑陋的恐惧。这种对外表的关注往往会持续下去,最终导致明显的社会功能障碍,偶尔还会导致行为极端。这种疾病会让人发疯。

运动员饮食失调的数量正在上升,尤其是在体操、花样滑冰、舞蹈和游泳等运动项目中。根据1992年美国运动医学学院(American College of Sports Medicine)的一项研究,在花样滑冰和体操等运动项目中,饮食失调影响了62%的女性。著名体操运动员凯西·约翰逊(Kathy Johnson)、纳迪亚·科马内奇(Nadia Comaneci)和1972年奥运会选手凯西·里格比(Kathy Rigby)都已经站出来承认自己也在与饮食失调作斗争。里格比曾与饮食失调斗争了12年。里格比的病情严重到两次心脏骤停。为了取悦教练和裁判,许多女运动员绝望地试图变瘦,成为饮食失调的受害者。许多教练对通过批评或提及他们的体重来给这些运动员施加压力使他们变瘦感到内疚。这些言论可能会导致运动员采取危险的体重控制方法,并对运动员造成严重的情绪伤害。例如,1988年在布达佩斯的一次会议上,一名美国法官告诉世界顶级体操运动员克里斯蒂•亨里希(Christy Henrich),如果她想进入奥运会,就必须减肥。克里斯蒂通过厌食症和暴食症来控制体重,她的饮食失调最终夺走了她的生命。1994年7月26日,22岁的克里斯蒂·亨里希死于多器官衰竭。 It had gotten so bad for her that at one point she weighed as little as 47 pounds. Athletes with eating disorders can be at a higher risk for medical complications such as electrolyte imbalances and cardiac arrhythmia. Coaches need to educate them-selves on the dangers and the signs that an athlete may be suffering from an eating disorder, and not only coaches, but athletes, need to remember no gold medal is worth dying for. There are many ways of helping someone with an eating disorder. If you suspect that your child or anyone you know has an eating disorder you should never: tell them their crazy, blame them, gossip about them, and follow them around to check their eating or purging behavior. You should also never ignore them, reject them, and tell them to quit the ridiculous behavior, or feel you need to solve their problems. Some things you should do are to listen with understanding, appreciate their openness and the risk they took to tell you, support them and be available. Two of the most important things you should do are to always give her hope, and continuously, but gently suggest counseling. Through medical treatment, there are also many ways to help a person with an eating disorder. One method is by psychological counseling. A problem with treating anorexia is getting the victim to first admit that they have a problem, and to not deny their illness any longer. Through counseling, the root of the victims’ problem is found. They are helped to find and recognize their distorted view of their body. Also any form of abuse they may have been through is brought up and often family members are in counseling sessions to help the victim. It has been found that group-counseling sessions have been found to be useful because a common perception of the problem is found. For the physical aspect of anorexia, weight gain is the first step to recovery. Some patients may even have to be hospitalized because their weight loss has been so severe. Physicians may prescribe gradual in-creases in food intake and dietary supplements, and tell a patient not to exercise. In the most severe cases, especially if a patient resists instructions to eat, nutrients and fluids may be administered intravenously. During hospitalization, patients receive both physical and mental care. They may have to stay there for a few days or even weeks at a time to help treat anorexia. However, the mental effects of this disease may take longer to treat. With both physical and mental care, anorexia can often be treated and its effects can be reversed. Researchers estimate that of those diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, 42 percent recover, 30 percent improve somewhat, and more than 20 percent suffer from a chronic eating disorder. New ways are being found to prevent anorexia. Through self-image awareness, the virtues of self-esteem and acceptance are being promoted. Perhaps with less emphasis in society over appearance, anorexia may finally be prevented. Roughly two million young women suffer from the symptoms of anorexia nervosa or bulimia.

引用这篇文章为:William Anderson(学校工作助手编辑团队),“饮食失调:神经性厌食症,神经性贪食症,身体畸形恐惧症,”SchoolWorkHelper,2019,//www.chadjarvis.com/eating-disorders-anorexia-nervosa-bulimia-nervosa-body-dysmorphic-disorder/

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饥饿与体重调节:饥饿的生理学

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