我们这个时代一些最有成就的音乐家毕生致力于爵士乐或古典音乐的研究,少数杰出的音乐家实际上掌握了这两种音乐。古典音乐和爵士音乐的比较将产生一些有趣的结果,并可能导致对演奏或创作这些类型的音乐所需的能力的欣赏。让我们先来看看这两个国家的历史。这种音乐被称为古典音乐,在商店里可以找到,世界各地的交响乐团定期演奏这种音乐,时间跨度从1600年到现在。这个时间段包括文艺复兴时期、巴洛克时期、古典时期、浪漫主义时期和当代时期。古典音乐的时期实际上是从1750年到1800年;因此,“古典”一词是用词不当的,更正确的说法应该是西方艺术音乐或欧洲艺术音乐。欧洲人,因为直到20世纪,大部分的主要作曲家都是欧洲人。维瓦尔第是意大利人,巴赫和贝多芬是德国人,莫扎特是奥地利人;他们是一些比较著名的作曲家。 Not until the twentieth century with Gershwin and a few others do we find American composers writing this kind of art music. For the sake of convention, we can refer to Western Art Music as Classical music. Jazz is a distinctively American form of music, and it’s history occupies a much smaller span of time. Its origins are found in the early 1900s as some dance band leaders in the southern U.S. began playing music that combined ragtime and blues. Early exponents of this dance music were Jelly Roll Martin (a blues player) and Scott Joplin (ragtime). The terms “Jazz” and “Jazz Band” first surfaced in the year 1900. Some say this occurred in New Orleans, although similar music was played at the same time in other places. The most prominent exponents of this early music, called Dixieland Jazz, included Louis Armstrong and Sidney Bechet. After World War I, Jazz music had evolved and was aided by the development of the recording industry. The small dance band ensemble grew into the larger orchestra known as the “Big Band”. The music of the Big Bands became known as “Swing.” Two of the more famous Swing band leaders were Tommy Dorsey and Harry James. In the late 40s and through the 50s, a different kind of Jazz became popular. This music, played by a very small ensemble, was much more sophisticated and complex. Its rich harmonic changes and melodic counterpoint were not conducive to dance. It became known as “Bop,” with Charlie Parker and Dizzie Gillespie being the early proponents. In the last twenty years there has been a combination of Jazz with popular music of the US and Latin America. This modern Jazz music has been called “Fusion.” Present day exponents include Pat Metheny and Chic Corea. There has also been a return to the sound of Bop in the last ten years by such musicians as trumpeter Winton Marsalis and his brother Branford, a saxophonist. Let’s focus on the instrumentation of the two kinds of music.

在古典音乐在美国,既有大型管弦乐团,也有小型乐团。但总的来说,是最伟大和最杰出的乐曲是为更大的交响乐团创作的。乐团的最大组成部分是弦乐器部,由小提琴、中提琴、大提琴和低音弦乐器组成。这些乐器是在中世纪早期发明的,但真正成熟到现在的形式是在18世纪晚期。由铜管乐器和木管乐器组成的管乐器需要更长的时间才能成熟。特别是铜管乐器部分,直到阀门的出现,允许在演奏时改变乐器的长度,才有能力演奏(在所有的键上)。这发生在19世纪中后期。因此,铜管乐器在巴赫、莫扎特、贝多芬和他们同时代的人的音乐中不太突出。19世纪末和20世纪初的作曲家们利用一个非常大的管弦乐队和所有完全发展的管乐器。这个时期的管弦乐大师和作曲家有:瓦格纳、里姆斯基-科萨科夫、拉威尔和斯特拉文斯基。目前,作曲家们也利用完整的管弦乐队,但随着打击乐团的增加,这增加了许多独特的和前所未闻的声音比在早期音乐。

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早期的爵士乐由单簧管、大号、短号、男中音、鼓和钢琴组成的小乐团演奏。新奥尔良的迪克西兰团体也有类似的仪器。在摇摆乐时代,更大的团体被雇佣来实现更多的管弦乐声音。这一时期的大乐队主要是管弦乐,包括中音和中音萨克斯部分,小号和长号部分,以及钢琴和鼓。当波普音乐出现时,中音萨克斯管和小号是主要独奏者的首选乐器,辅以钢琴、弦乐贝斯和鼓。随着融合技术的出现,电吉他和键盘合成器等电子乐器开始崭露头角。这些类型的音乐是如何传给后世音乐家的?在古典音乐发展的早期,一种记谱法逐渐发展起来,从文艺复兴以来,这种记谱法在很大程度上保持稳定。这使作曲家能够控制他的作品如何被演奏。然而,纵观爵士乐的历史,记谱法更像是一幅草图。 This was because the syncopated rhythms of ragtime and the melodic riffs of the blues were not easily notated. Also, early Jazz musicians were not formally trained; they usually learned by ear. Some songs were transcribed and written down, but not in precise ways. Jazz music became more of a passed on tradition that a musician learned through interaction with other players. In a similar way, the modern Jazz musician must rely on之前的录音,以获得对风格和技术的感觉,他想学习。但是在古典音乐中,一个作曲家可以通过观察和分析前一个作曲家写下的音乐来学习年长的作曲家。同样,古典音乐家可以通过练习事先写好的或发表的音乐来掌握他们必须演奏的部分。这两种传承传统的方法都是有效的。然而,如果没有录音媒介,爵士乐的发展可能会大不相同。使一个音乐团体保持在一起的凝聚力也是一个有趣的对比。在古典音乐中,指挥使用指挥棒,把管弦乐队当成自己的乐器来演奏;他着眼于乐曲中发生的全部事件,并基于他对作曲家意图的知识和直觉来解释这些事件。爵士乐队很少使用指挥家。摇摆乐时代雇佣他们是为了保持更大的群体在一起,但其他爵士风格没有,直到今天也没有。 The drummer of the Jazz ensemble provides the beat that keeps the group together but even he is interacting with the other soloists as the song is performed. Perhaps the most interesting point of comparison between the two types of music is in improvisation. Improvisation is the ability to play and compose spontaneously “on the spot” while the music is playing. This has been an important element of Jazz from its inception. Although improvisation was less prominent during the swing era, it regained importance with Bop and onward. Early Jazz was improvised, using ragtime and blues as a loose structure. In the swing era, popular songs were arranged by an arranger and soloists played improvisations over the repeating sections in order to lengthen the song for dancing. With the advent of Bop, improvisation assumed great importance. The musicians memorized the chord changes to a song, along with the melody, but then played very loosely and in the end substituted new chords along with greatly embellishing the original melody to the point of being unrecognizable. These factors, along with the ability to interact with each other, became important and remains so in the Fusion music of today. In Classical music, modern listeners are mostly unaware of the fact that many of the great composers of the past were not only excellent performers but also great improvisers. Starting with J.S. Bach (1685-1750), the greatest composer of the Baroque era, he in fact made his living through his great skill as an improviser. It was common for the Lutheran Church organist of his day be able to improvise on choral melodies and Bach was considered one of the greatest at this. There are written accounts of other composer’s improvisational abilities including Mozart (1756-1791), Beethoven (1770-1829), and Franz Liszt (1811-1886). Yet, as time went on, improvising gave way to the composer’s desire to exert complete control over his music. By the late 19th century, improvising was rare and not used at all in public performances of classical music. In summation, we can say that Jazz and Classical music represent two approaches to Art Music. The Classical composer or performer has a long and rich body of music in written form that he uses to learn from while the Jazz musician uses a body of recorded music to learn. Because of its small size, the modern Jazz ensemble allows loose interaction while the symphony orchestra’s large size and diversity of instruments provides many different sounds and wide dynamic range. In classical music the composer strives for control; he uses printed music to guide and direct the musicians through the conductor. In Jazz music, the songs are loosely composed, thus forming a basis for individual expression within an ensemble. When you go to hear a symphony, you hear an orchestra conducted by the conductor playing a composition. When you go to a Jazz club you hear a small jazz ensemble interacting and improvising a song. Both of these kinds of music provide rich expression and detail to the serious listener. They take different paths to reach their final form but give a person equal opportunities to appreciate the creative output of each.

引用这篇文章:威廉·安德森(学校工作助手编辑团队),“爵士和古典音乐的历史”,在SchoolWorkHelper, 2019,//www.chadjarvis.com/history-of-jazz-and-classical-music/

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